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TCP & UDP

TCP와 UDP의 차이점을 설명해주세요.

항목
TCP
UDP

연결

연결형(3-way handshake)

비연결형

신뢰성

보장 (재전송, 순서 정렬)

비보장 (손실 시 무시)

속도

상대적으로 느림

빠름

제어

흐름/혼잡 제어 있음

없음

사용 예

HTTP, FTP, SMTP

DNS, VoIP, 스트리밍 등

TCP에서 흐름 제어(flow control)와 혼잡 제어(congestion control)는 각각 어떤 문제를 해결하기 위한 것이며, 어떤 방식으로 동작하나요?

  • 흐름 제어 (Flow Control):

    • 목적: 수신 측의 처리 능력 초과 방지

    • 방법: Receiver Window 를 이용해 수신 가능한 byte 수를 송신 측에 전달

  • 혼잡 제어 (Congestion Control):

    • 목적: 네트워크 혼잡 방지

    • 알고리즘: Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, Fast Recovery

TCP 혼잡 제어에서 사용하는 알고리즘 중, Fast Retransmit와 Fast Recovery는 어떤 상황에서 동작하며, 어떤 차이점이 있나요?

  • Fast Retransmit:

    • 3중 중복 ACK 수신 시, timeout을 기다리지 않고 손실된 패킷을 즉시 재전송

    • 윈도우 조절은 하지 않음

  • Fast Recovery:

    • Fast Retransmit 직후, 혼잡 윈도우를 절반으로 줄이고, 선형적으로 증가

    • 네트워크 전체 속도를 다시 올리기 위한 중간 단계

Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, Fast Recovery는 서로 어떤 관계를 갖고 있고, 어떤 흐름으로 전이되나요? 각각의 역할도 설명해주세요.

  1. Slow Start: 윈도우를 1 → 2 → 4 → 8... 두 배씩 증가 (지수적)

  2. Congestion Avoidance: ssthresh 도달 시, 1씩 선형 증가

  3. 패킷 손실:

    • Timeout 발생: Slow Start로 복귀 (ssthresh 절반 설정, cwnd=1)

    • 중복 ACK 3개: Fast Retransmit → Fast Recovery

  4. Fast Recovery: cwnd 절반으로 줄이고 선형 증가 → ACK 정상 도착 시 Congestion Avoidance로 전이

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Last updated 8 days ago