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  3. Ch2. Network

2.4.3 IP Addressing Scheme

2.4.3 IP 주소 체계

IP 주소 체계 (IP Addressing Scheme)

IP 주소는 네트워크 상의 장치를 고유하게 식별하기 위해 사용됩니다. IP 주소 체계는 주로 IPv4와 IPv6로 나뉘며, 여기서는 IPv4에 집중하겠습니다. IPv4 주소는 32비트 숫자로 구성되며, 보통 10진수로 표시됩니다.

IPv4 주소

IPv4 주소는 4개의 옥텟(octet)으로 구성된 32비트 주소입니다. 각 옥텟은 8비트로 이루어져 있으며, 0부터 255까지의 값을 가질 수 있습니다.

예:

192.168.1.1

서브넷 마스크 (Subnet Mask)

서브넷 마스크는 IP 주소를 네트워크 부분과 호스트 부분으로 나누기 위해 사용됩니다. 서브넷 마스크는 네트워크의 크기를 정의하며, IP 주소와 함께 네트워크 주소를 계산하는 데 사용됩니다. 서브넷 마스크는 IP 주소와 같은 형식으로 표시됩니다.

예:

255.255.255.0

IPv4

IPv4는 인터넷에서 가장 널리 사용되는 IP 주소 체계입니다. 32비트 주소 공간을 사용하여 약 43억 개의 고유한 주소를 제공할 수 있습니다. 그러나 인터넷의 폭발적인 성장으로 인해 IPv4 주소가 부족해졌고, 이를 해결하기 위해 IPv6가 도입되었습니다.

IPv4 주소 클래스

IPv4 주소는 크게 다섯 개의 클래스(A, B, C, D, E)로 나뉩니다. 각 클래스는 특정 크기의 네트워크와 호스트 부분을 제공합니다.

  • 클래스 A: 대규모 네트워크, 네트워크 부분 8비트, 호스트 부분 24비트

  • 클래스 B: 중간 규모 네트워크, 네트워크 부분 16비트, 호스트 부분 16비트

  • 클래스 C: 소규모 네트워크, 네트워크 부분 24비트, 호스트 부분 8비트

  • 클래스 D: 멀티캐스트

  • 클래스 E: 실험용

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

CIDR은 IP 주소와 서브넷 마스크를 보다 유연하게 사용하기 위한 방법입니다. CIDR은 IP 주소와 함께 서브넷 마스크 길이를 슬래시(/)로 구분하여 표시합니다. 이를 통해 네트워크를 더 세분화하고 효율적으로 IP 주소를 사용할 수 있습니다.

예:

192.168.1.0/24

여기서 /24는 서브넷 마스크가 24비트(255.255.255.0)임을 의미합니다.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

DHCP는 네트워크 장치에 동적으로 IP 주소를 할당하는 프로토콜입니다. DHCP 서버는 네트워크에 연결된 장치에게 자동으로 IP 주소, 서브넷 마스크, 게이트웨이, DNS 서버 등의 네트워크 설정을 제공합니다.

DHCP 작동 과정

  1. DHCP 발견 (Discover): 클라이언트가 네트워크에 연결될 때, DHCP 서버를 찾기 위해 브로드캐스트 메시지를 보냅니다.

  2. DHCP 제안 (Offer): DHCP 서버가 클라이언트에게 IP 주소 제안을 포함한 응답 메시지를 보냅니다.

  3. DHCP 요청 (Request): 클라이언트가 특정 DHCP 서버의 제안을 수락하고, 해당 IP 주소를 요청하는 메시지를 보냅니다.

  4. DHCP 승인 (Ack): DHCP 서버가 요청을 승인하고, 클라이언트에게 IP 주소를 할당하는 최종 메시지를 보냅니다.

NAT (Network Address Translation)

NAT는 사설 네트워크의 IP 주소를 공인 IP 주소로 변환하는 기술입니다. NAT는 주로 라우터나 방화벽에서 사용되며, 내부 네트워크의 여러 장치가 하나의 공인 IP 주소를 사용하여 인터넷에 접속할 수 있게 합니다. 이를 통해 공인 IP 주소의 사용을 줄이고, 내부 네트워크의 보안을 강화할 수 있습니다.

NAT의 유형

  1. Static NAT: 사설 IP 주소와 공인 IP 주소 간의 일대일 매핑

  2. Dynamic NAT: 사설 IP 주소를 공인 IP 주소 풀(pool)에서 동적으로 매핑

  3. PAT (Port Address Translation): 여러 사설 IP 주소를 하나의 공인 IP 주소와 다수의 포트 번호를 통해 매핑

요약

  • IP 주소 체계: 네트워크 장치를 고유하게 식별하기 위해 사용.

  • 서브넷 마스크: 네트워크와 호스트 부분을 나누기 위해 사용.

  • IPv4: 32비트 주소 체계를 사용하여 약 43억 개의 고유한 주소 제공.

  • CIDR: 유연한 IP 주소 및 서브넷 마스크 사용.

  • DHCP: 네트워크 장치에 동적으로 IP 주소를 할당.

  • NAT: 사설 네트워크의 IP 주소를 공인 IP 주소로 변환.

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Last updated 10 months ago