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2.4.2 Hop By Hop Communication

2.4.2 홉바이홉 통신

홉바이홉 통신 (Hop-by-Hop Communication)

게이트웨이와 라우팅 테이블

네트워크 통신에서 데이터 패킷이 출발지에서 목적지까지 도달하기 위해 여러 중간 장치를 거치는 방식을 **홉바이홉 통신(Hop-by-Hop Communication)**이라고 합니다. 이 과정에서 중요한 역할을 하는 요소는 **게이트웨이(Gateway)**와 **라우팅 테이블(Routing Table)**입니다.

게이트웨이 (Gateway)

게이트웨이는 서로 다른 네트워크를 연결하는 장치로, 데이터를 한 네트워크에서 다른 네트워크로 전달하는 역할을 합니다. 게이트웨이는 주로 라우터나 방화벽과 같은 네트워크 장치에 통합되어 있습니다.

주요 기능

  1. 프로토콜 변환:

    • 서로 다른 프로토콜을 사용하는 네트워크 간의 통신을 가능하게 합니다. 예를 들어, IPv4 네트워크와 IPv6 네트워크 간의 통신을 중계합니다.

  2. 라우팅:

    • 데이터를 목적지 네트워크로 전달하기 위해 최적의 경로를 선택합니다.

  3. 보안 관리:

    • 네트워크 간의 보안 정책을 적용하여 불법적인 접근을 차단합니다.

예시: 네트워크 간의 데이터 전달

예를 들어, 내부 네트워크(192.168.1.0/24)에서 외부 네트워크(인터넷)로 데이터를 보낼 때, 게이트웨이는 내부 네트워크의 데이터를 받아 외부 네트워크로 전달합니다. 이 과정에서 게이트웨이는 데이터를 적절히 변환하고, 최적의 경로를 선택하여 전송합니다.

라우팅 테이블 (Routing Table)

라우팅 테이블은 네트워크 장치(주로 라우터)에 저장된 데이터 구조로, 특정 네트워크로 데이터를 전송하기 위한 최적의 경로 정보를 포함합니다. 라우팅 테이블은 각 목적지 네트워크에 대한 다음 홉(Next Hop) 정보를 가지고 있으며, 이는 데이터 패킷이 어느 방향으로 전달되어야 하는지를 결정합니다.

주요 요소

  1. 목적지 주소 (Destination Address):

    • 데이터 패킷이 전달되어야 할 최종 목적지 네트워크의 IP 주소입니다.

  2. 넷마스크 (Netmask):

    • 목적지 네트워크 주소를 구분하기 위한 서브넷 마스크입니다.

  3. 게이트웨이 (Gateway):

    • 데이터 패킷이 전달될 다음 홉의 IP 주소입니다. 이 주소는 패킷이 다음으로 어느 장치로 전달될지를 결정합니다.

  4. 인터페이스 (Interface):

    • 패킷이 해당 게이트웨이로 전달되기 위해 사용할 네트워크 인터페이스입니다.

라우팅 테이블의 예시

Destination     Netmask         Gateway         Interface
192.168.1.0     255.255.255.0   192.168.1.1     eth0
10.0.0.0        255.0.0.0       10.0.0.1        eth1
0.0.0.0         0.0.0.0         192.168.1.254   eth0

  1. 192.168.1.0/24 네트워크:

    • 이 네트워크로 가는 데이터는 192.168.1.1 게이트웨이를 통해 eth0 인터페이스로 전달됩니다.

  2. 10.0.0.0/8 네트워크:

    • 이 네트워크로 가는 데이터는 10.0.0.1 게이트웨이를 통해 eth1 인터페이스로 전달됩니다.

  3. 기본 경로 (Default Route):

    • 어떤 명시적인 경로도 매칭되지 않는 경우, 데이터는 192.168.1.254 게이트웨이를 통해 eth0 인터페이스로 전달됩니다.

홉바이홉 통신의 과정

데이터 패킷이 출발지에서 목적지로 도달하기 위해 여러 홉을 거치는 과정을 예시로 설명해 보겠습니다.

예시: 네트워크 간의 데이터 전송

  1. 출발지 네트워크:

    • 데이터 패킷이 192.168.1.100에서 생성되어 8.8.8.8(예: 구글 DNS 서버)로 전송되려고 합니다.

  2. 첫 번째 홉:

    • 192.168.1.100은 자신의 라우팅 테이블을 확인하고, 기본 게이트웨이인 192.168.1.1로 패킷을 보냅니다.

  3. 게이트웨이:

    • 게이트웨이 192.168.1.1은 패킷을 수신하고, 자신의 라우팅 테이블을 확인하여 패킷을 외부 네트워크(인터넷)로 전달합니다.

  4. 인터넷 라우터:

    • 패킷은 인터넷을 통해 여러 라우터를 거쳐 목적지 네트워크로 전달됩니다. 각 라우터는 자신의 라우팅 테이블을 사용하여 다음 홉을 결정합니다.

  5. 목적지 네트워크:

    • 패킷이 8.8.8.0/24 네트워크에 도달하면, 해당 네트워크의 라우터가 패킷을 최종 목적지인 8.8.8.8로 전달합니다.

라우팅 프로토콜

라우팅 테이블을 동적으로 업데이트하고 최적의 경로를 선택하기 위해 여러 라우팅 프로토콜이 사용됩니다. 주요 라우팅 프로토콜로는 다음과 같은 것들이 있습니다:

  1. RIP (Routing Information Protocol):

    • 거리 벡터 알고리즘을 사용하며, 최대 홉 수가 15로 제한됩니다.

  2. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First):

    • 링크 상태 알고리즘을 사용하며, 대규모 네트워크에서 효율적으로 동작합니다.

  3. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol):

    • 자율 시스템(AS) 간의 경로를 관리하며, 인터넷의 주요 라우팅 프로토콜로 사용됩니다.

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Last updated 9 months ago