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  • Head of Line Blocking(Holb)이란?
  • HTTP Holb 발생 요인
  • Keep-alive에서 발생하는 상황
  • Pipelining에서 발생하는 상황
  • HTTP Holb 해결책
  • HTTP/2 멀티플랙싱 도입
  • TCP Holb 발생 요인
  • TCP Holb 해결책
  • HTTP/3.0 QUIC 도입
  • 결론
  1. NETWORK

HTTP & TCP head of line blocking

Previous3rd Normal FormNextHTTP 0.9-3.0

Last updated 1 day ago

Head of Line Blocking(Holb)이란?

큐 또는 채널에서 먼저 처리되어야하는 데이터가 지연되면서, 뒤에 있는 데이터까지 모두 지연되는 현상. 네트워크에서는 전송 계층(TCP), 애플리케이션 계층(Http)에서 발생하며, 성능 저하의 주된 원인이 됩니다.


HTTP Holb 발생 요인

HTTP/1.1에서 등장한 Keep-alive와 pipelining으로 인해, 요청들이 직렬적으로 처리되는 상황에서 발생합니다.

Keep-alive에서 발생하는 상황

  • 총 4개의 요청과 응답을 주고 받고 있습니다.

  • 각 요청은 응답을 받은 후에 다음 요청을 보내게 됩니다.

  • 요청 3에서 요청이 손실되게 되면, timeout을 기다린 후 클라이언트가 요청3을 재전송하게 됩니다.

  • 요청 4이후 요청들은, 요청3의 timeout만큼 추가로 기다려야합니다.

Pipelining에서 발생하는 상황

  • pipelining은 응답을 받지 않고도 요청들을 계속 보낼 수 있게 해줍니다.

  • pipelining에는 streamID가 존재하지 않아서, 클라이언트는 순서에 의존해서 요청/응답을 매핑합니다.

  • 만약 요청 3이 손실이 나게 되면, 요청 4는 처리되더라도, 기다리게됩니다.

  • 요청 1, 2는 순차적으로 처리되는대로 응답 1,2를 보내게 됩니다.

  • 요청 4는, 요청3이 도착하여 처리된 후에, 전송됩니다.

  • 응답 3, 4를 순차적으로 보내면 클라이언트는 무조건 순차적으로 받게됩니다. (TCP는 바이트 스트림의 순서를 보장하기 때문)


HTTP Holb 해결책

HTTP/2 멀티플랙싱 도입

HTTP/2는 하나의 TCP 커넥션 내에서 여러개의 스트림(논리적 연결 단위)을 생성하고, 각각의 스트림을 프레임 단위로 쪼개어 병렬로 전송할 수 있습니다.

  • 각 요청/응답은 독립된 StreamID를 가짐

  • 요청과 응답은 Frame 단위로 쪼개져 전송되며, 중간에 교차도 가능

  • 서버는 순서와 상관없이 응답 가능

  • 응답 순서에 제약이 없어지고, 하나의 요청이 느려도, 다른 요청은 독립적으로 응답이 가능해집니다.


TCP Holb 발생 요인

TCP는 전송 계층에서의 연결 지향적 프로코롤로, 데이터 순서를 보장하며, 이 부분으로 인해 Holb가 발생합니다.

  • TCP 수신자는 순서를 지키기 위해 중간 패킷이 오기를 기다립니다.

  • 전송 계층에서 발생하며, 패킷 단위입니다.

  • 손실률이 높은 네트워크에서 자주 발생하게 됩니다.

  • 각 응답들은 4개의 패킷을 갖고 있습니다.

  • 응답1의 2번째 패킷이 손실이 발생하면, 3, 4패킷은 애플리케이션에 전달되지 않고 버퍼에서 대기하게 됩니다.

  • 응답1의 2번째 패킷이 도착하면, 2,3,4 패킷을 애플리케이션에 전달합니다.


TCP Holb 해결책

HTTP/3.0 QUIC 도입

QUIC는 구글이 개발한 프로토콜로, UDP 기반으로 TCP의 단점을 극복하기 위해 만들어졌습니다. 스트림 단위의 독립 전송을 지원하며, TCP의 순서 보장 강제성과 Holb를 회피할 수 있습니다.

  • 하나의 연결 안에 여러 스트림 존재(논리적)

  • 각 스트림은 독립적인 순서로 데이터 전송 가능

  • 스트림 A의 데이터 손실이 스트림 B에 영향을 주지 않음

  • TCP의 순서 보장으로 인한 Holb 제거

  • 동시에 여러 요청을 처리하는 구조에서 병목 최소화

결론

항목
HTTP Holb
TCP Holb

단위

요청

패킷

발생 계층

애플리케이션 계층

전송 계층

원인

직렬 응답 처리, 응답 순서 보장

순서 보장 중간 패킷 손실

기다리는 쪽

클라이언트 (응답 대기)

수신자 (패킷 재전송 대기)

해결 방법

HTTP/2 멀티플랙싱

HTTP/3 QUIC